“Risk Factors for Orofacial Clefts in Northwest São Paulo State, Brazil: A Study of Class, Gender, and Ancestry”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38112488

This study of patients with orofacial clefts in northwest region of São Paulo state, Brazil found that the majority were of lower middle class, native ancestry, and syndromic, with a significant difference in cleft types between genders, and a high rate of familial recurrence in non-syndromic cases, highlighting gender, native ancestry, and low family income as risk factors.