“Thermodynamically Consistent Model Reveals Intrinsic Negative Line Tension in Sessile Droplets”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38115470

This study derives a thermodynamically consistent model to examine the line tension of sessile droplets, finding that the deviation of the apparent contact angle from Young’s law is due to wall energy reduction and line energy minimization, and observing the intrinsic negative line tension.