“Predictors of Venous Stenosis in Patients with First Transvenous Cardiac Device Implantation: A One-Year Study”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38116403

The study found that 41% of patients with a first transvenous cardiac device implantation developed venous stenosis after one year, with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, larger total lead diameter, and implantation of biventricular devices being significant predictors.